Wednesday, August 5, 2020
We highlight how a social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) approach to ecosystem services (ES) explicitly improves the integration of ES in decision making through concepts of 1) multi-functional ES and the resulting synergies and tradeoffs, 2) substitutability and valuation of diverse services, 3) the importance of scale in the delivery and management of ES, and 4) normative dimensions. We discuss how cities can leverage the interaction of social, ecological and technological components to maximize ES benefits and advance social equity, urban resilience and sustainability goals.