Growers have a variety of choices for organic soil nutrient inputs, including animal manure, composted organic waste, cover crops, and processed amendments such as biochar or bone meal. These diverse options, and the complex ecological processes that arise from them, mean that it is not always straightforward to choose the best options for a particular operation. This session will explore benefits, tradeoffs, and interactions of organic soil nutrient management options using case studies from around the US. Emphasis is given to solutions that enhance soil-based ecosystem services such as carbon storage, water infiltration and retention, prevention of nutrient leaching and runoff, and support of soil food webs and biodiversity. This session highlights geographically and agronomically diverse systems, including fruit orchards in the West, grain crops in the Upper Midwest, and small vegetable farms in the South. Each presentation provides an illustrative example of how organic input decisions affect belowground ecosystem function. Presentations integrate technical findings (such as the relationship between crop diversity and belowground microbial diversity) with on-farm considerations (such as knowledge barriers and economic viability). Both certified organic and non-organic farmers may choose to use organic inputs, so both types of production are included in this session. Understanding how to best manage organic nutrient sources requires close collaboration between land users and researchers. The belowground processes that determine nutrient dynamics can be conceptually complex, impossible to see, and difficult to measure. However, regardless of how well-understood the dynamics are in theory, practical considerations dictate what management options are available (e.g., choice of cover crop species, frequency of manure application, or tillage depth of compost). The goal of this session is to provide an outline of current knowledge on organic input management while also highlighting ways that agroecologists and growers can continue working together for mutual benefit.