In an area of rapidly expanding capabilities in remote sensing and computational technologies, scientists are now capable of measuring the physical structure of ecosystems across large spatial scales. Structural diversity is the arrangement, complexity, and biological (genetic) variation of vegetation structure within ecosystems. This is a new area of ecological research that has been made possible by advances in the merging of remote sensing and data science technologies, however it is not well understood how new dimensions of structural diversity are related to ecological processes. For example, structural diversity can be a better predictor of key ecosystem functions (e.g. productivity) than biodiversity, but these processes have been little tested across ecosystem types or ecosystem functions. In this session, scientists will share novel findings on how structural diversity relates to populations, communities, and ecosystems from aquatic to terrestrial systems. Structural diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are often measured with different remote sensing platforms. Speakers working at the forefront of remote sensing technologies for measuring structural diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems will present upon these different methodologies.