Resilience management, novelty, and state changes

Resilience has long been championed as a framework to understand state persistence and change. Here, we directly link novel ecosystems concepts with resilience theory to provide a framework illustrating how resilience-based management can facilitate or even accelerate the emergence of novel states. These novel ecosystems can be beneficial by sustaining critical ecosystems services or destructive, leading to ecosystem degradation. In certain cases, resilience-based strategies leading to undesirable novel ecosystems can be in conflict with traditional restoration and conservation goals.