Restoration science typically emphasizes efforts that are effective, rapid, and easy to implement. Broad regional applicability is also an important consideration, as is the amount of intervention necessary to bring about a desired change. Ideally in restoration we seek to provide the minimum degree of intervention necessary to affect broader recovery of ecosystem function. I provide a brief overview of two out-planting restoration strategies that can influence recovery beyond their immediate planting area, and can accordingly be scaled up to cover larger areas than would be otherwise possible with the same number of plantings in a traditional approach. I draw upon studies and results from work done in southern Costa Rica.
Results/Conclusions
- The nucleation strategy for restoration – or planting in patches has been shown to affect recovery to a similar extent as the more traditional plantation-style approach, when an entire area is planted with trees. Results show equivalent rates of zoochorous seed dispersal, seedling recruitment, and similar levels of diversity and abundance of frugivores. This approach ultimately relies on fewer plantings and is more cost effective allowing for more potential area to be covered in a restoration planting.
- I will also discuss the efficacy of establishing large vegetative cuttings or stakes (≥4 m tall) in the genus Ficus (Moraceae). Species in this genus are well-known to play essential roles in ecological food webs and are often classified as keystone species. This methodology shows promise, at least for some species, and the approach could be used to establish enrichment plantings in degraded habitats as a means to increase fruit production and availability, thereby facilitating recovery beyond the immediate planting area of the individual.