Both non-governmental organizations and government agencies are engaged in efforts to improve and implement earth stewardship programs. In this session, we present current and ongoing conservation programs developed by these organizations that are novel in approach, scientifically-based, and operate within existing regulatory, economic and legal structures. Speakers will discuss a range of programs that have been developed to address impacts on a variety of ecosystems. We will also explore how NGOs and agencies use science to inform the development of their stewardship efforts. We will conclude the session with a discussion of the experimental and adaptive strategies used by agencies and NGOs to improve long-term sustainability of our natural systems.